394 research outputs found

    An Exercise in Invariant-based Programming with Interactive and Automatic Theorem Prover Support

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    Invariant-Based Programming (IBP) is a diagram-based correct-by-construction programming methodology in which the program is structured around the invariants, which are additionally formulated before the actual code. Socos is a program construction and verification environment built specifically to support IBP. The front-end to Socos is a graphical diagram editor, allowing the programmer to construct invariant-based programs and check their correctness. The back-end component of Socos, the program checker, computes the verification conditions of the program and tries to prove them automatically. It uses the theorem prover PVS and the SMT solver Yices to discharge as many of the verification conditions as possible without user interaction. In this paper, we first describe the Socos environment from a user and systems level perspective; we then exemplify the IBP workflow by building a verified implementation of heapsort in Socos. The case study highlights the role of both automatic and interactive theorem proving in three sequential stages of the IBP workflow: developing the background theory, formulating the program specification and invariants, and proving the correctness of the final implementation.Comment: In Proceedings THedu'11, arXiv:1202.453

    Tudelad proportionalitet vid mord - Kritik av en föreslagen straffskÀrpning

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    I skrivelsen SkĂ€rpt straff för mord presenterar Justitiedepartementet ett lagförslag som syftar till att förĂ€ndra tillĂ€mpningen av pĂ„följderna för mord. Förslaget innebĂ€r att samtliga fall av mord dĂ€r försvĂ„rande omstĂ€ndigheter föreligger ska straffas med livstids fĂ€ngelse. En stor del av dessa gĂ€rningar leder enligt gĂ€llande rĂ€tt och nuvarande rĂ€ttstillĂ€mpning till ett lĂ€ngre tidsbestĂ€mt fĂ€ngelsestraff. En förĂ€ndring av lagstiftningen i enlighet med förslaget kan antas pĂ„verka rĂ€ttsĂ€kerheten och pĂ„följdssystemets proportionalitet. Syftet med uppsatsen Ă€r dĂ€rför att kritiskt granska Justitiedepartementets förslag utifrĂ„n principen om proportionalitet i pĂ„följdssystemet. FramstĂ€llningen begreppsdefinierar sĂ„vĂ€l proportionalitet som rĂ€ttssĂ€kerhet. Begreppen definieras genom att rĂ€ttsvetenskaplig doktrin och rĂ€ttspolitiska diskussioner studeras. Uppsatsen behandlar vidare det svenska pĂ„följdssystemets historiska utveckling. PĂ„följdssystemets utveckling har de senaste decennierna inneburit ett avsteg frĂ„n preventiva straffteorier, till en rĂ„dande ordning med proportionalitetsprincipen som central utgĂ„ngspunkt för sĂ„vĂ€l lagstiftning som straffmĂ€tning. Kravet pĂ„ proportionalitet i pĂ„följdssystemet innebĂ€r att ett straff ska stĂ„ i proportion till det brott som bestraffas. Teorin om proportionalitet utgĂ„r frĂ„n att bestraffning Ă€r samhĂ€llets sĂ€tt att klandra en brottslig gĂ€rning. StrafflĂ€ngden för ett brott ska dĂ€rmed ge uttryck för en gĂ€rnings klandervĂ€rde. För att analysera proportionaliteten i pĂ„följdssystemet beskrivs gĂ€llande rĂ€tt för mord ingĂ„ende. Enligt svensk rĂ€tt ska den som berövar nĂ„gon livet dömas för mord till fĂ€ngelse pĂ„ viss tid, i 10 till 18 Ă„r, eller till livstids fĂ€ngelse. PĂ„följdskonstruktionen för mord Ă€r sĂ„ledes tudelad, med en Ă„ttaĂ„rig tidsbestĂ€md straffskala och livstidsstraffet. Livstids fĂ€ngelse anses vara det svenska pĂ„följdssystemets hĂ„rdaste straff och som pĂ„följd för mord Ă€r livstidsstraffet dĂ€rför förbehĂ„llet de allra allvarligaste fallen. Sedan 2006 har livstidsdömda fĂ„ngar givits en möjlighet att fĂ„ sitt livstidsstraff omvandlat till ett tidsbestĂ€mt fĂ€ngelsestraff. De bestĂ€mmelser som reglerar omvandlingsprövningen behandlas i samband med gĂ€llande rĂ€tt i uppsatsen. I kombination med omvandlingslagen konstateras den nuvarande straffskalan för mord frĂ€mja en nyanserad straffmĂ€tning. En nyanserad straffmĂ€tning möjliggör att gĂ€rningarnas klandervĂ€rde Ă„terspeglas i de utdömda strafflĂ€ngderna. Genom en analys nĂ„s dĂ€rför slutsatsen att det idag gĂ€llande pĂ„följdssystemet för mord uppfyller kravet pĂ„ proportionalitet. Justitiedepartementets lagförslag skulle innebĂ€ra att de fall av mord som enligt gĂ€llande rĂ€tt leder till ett lĂ€ngre tidsbestĂ€mt fĂ€ngelsestraff istĂ€llet ska straffas med livstids fĂ€ngelse. Mer Ă€n hĂ€lften av alla fall av mord förvĂ€ntas dĂ€rmed leda till livstids fĂ€ngelse. Uppsatsen analyserar dĂ€rför hur den av uppsatsen definierade proportionaliteten i pĂ„följdssystemet skulle pĂ„verkas utifrĂ„n de förvĂ€ntade förĂ€ndringarna. Enligt proportionalitetsprincipen ska den gĂ€rningens klandervĂ€rde kunna Ă„terspeglas i brottets strafflĂ€ngd. Samtliga gĂ€rningar som straffas med livstids fĂ€ngelse ges samma klandervĂ€rde, som en följd av att de givits samma straffvĂ€rde. Den nyansering av gĂ€rningarna som möjliggörs genom straffmĂ€tningen enligt gĂ€llande rĂ€tt riskeras dĂ€rmed att gĂ„ förlorad. En trolig effekt av en förĂ€ndring i enlighet med lagförslaget Ă€r följaktligen en försvagad proportionalitet. I framstĂ€llningens analys uppdagas en komplexitet som följer av möjligheten att omvandla livstidsstraffet till ett tidsbestĂ€mt fĂ€ngelsestraff. Genom att ett livstidsstraff tidsbestĂ€ms genom omvandling anses proportionalitetsprincipen upprĂ€tthĂ„llas. Vid en omvandling prövas dock kriterier som inte Ă€r direkt knutna till den gĂ€rning som straffats. I analysen av omvandlingsprövningen framgĂ„r det att ett omvandlat livstidsstraff ges ett straffvĂ€rde som inte uteslutande Ă€r baserat pĂ„ gĂ€rningens klandervĂ€rde. Detta Ă€r ett tydligt avsteg frĂ„n proportionalitetsprincipen. Det beskrivna avsteget frĂ„n proportionalitetsprincipen Ă€r en effekt av mordparagrafens tudelade pĂ„följdsdel. Uppsatsen ifrĂ„gasĂ€tter sĂ„ledes huruvida livstidsstraffet Ă€r en lĂ€mplig pĂ„följd i det svenska pĂ„följdssystemet.In their official letter Sharper punishments for murder the Ministry of Justice presents a bill to change the choice of sanctions for murder. The bill suggests that all cases of murder, in which there are aggravating circumstances, shall be punished with life imprisonment. A large number of these acts of murder are, according to applicable law, sentenced to fixed term imprisonment. An alteration in line with the Ministry of Justice’s proposal could be expected to affect both the rule of law and the proportionality within the penal system. The purpose of this essay is therefore to critically examine the proposal of the Ministry of Justice from a perspective of the principle of proportionality in the penal system. The essay defines the concepts of rule of law and proportionality from legal science on the subject. Furthermore, the development of the Swedish penal system is described. The Swedish penal system has over the last decades changed course from a strict focus on preventive theories into today’s order with the principle of proportionality as the premises for both the legislation and the application of law. The principle of proportionality implies that a punishment should be chosen in proportion to the crime being punished. The theory on proportionality proceeds on the basis that a penalty is the society’s way to blame the criminal action. Therefore the length of a sentence expresses the amount of blame in a criminal act. Established law is described in detail in order to analyze the proportionality of the penal system. According to Swedish law someone who commits an act of murder shall be sentenced to a fixed term imprisonment of 10 to 18 years or to imprisonment for life. The types of sentences for the act of murder can be described as bisectional, with its life imprisonment side by side with the fixed term imprisonment. Life imprisonment is considered the most severe sanction in the Swedish penal system, and as a sanction for the act of murder, imprisonment for life is therefore restricted to the most severe actions of murder. Since 2006 prisoners serving a sentence of life imprisonment have been given a possibility to seek for converting of the sentence into a sentence of fixed term imprisonment. The applicable rules for a plausible review of a sentence will be described in connection with the established law. In combination with the possibility to convert a sentence for life imprisonment the applicable range of punishment for the act of murder favours a nuanced approach when meting out the punishments, which enables the penal value to reflect the protest in the sentenced action. Through the analysis the conclusion is reached, that the penal system for the act of murder satisfies the demands set by the principle of proportionality. According to the official letter of the Ministry of Justice all acts of murder that are sentenced to a fixed term imprisonment, should instead be punished with life imprisonment. A little over half of all the acts of murder are expected to be punished with imprisonment for life. In addition to the above stated purpose this thesis also seeks to describe how the expected changes in the penal system will have an effect for the principle of proportionality. The principle of proportionality requires that a society’s blame of an action should be reflected in the penal value of a crime. Given that half of the acts of murder will be sentenced to imprisonment for life, over half of the acts of murder are given the same value of blame. The possibility to nuance the actions, which is given when meting out the punishment according to established law, is therefore at risk. Hence one possible effect of the bill is a weaker proportionality in the penal system. In the analysis a complexity is tracked down as a result of the possibility to convert a sentence of life imprisonment into a fixed term imprisonment. When converting a sentence of life imprisonment into a fixed term sentence, the principle of proportionality is often considered fulfilled. When the possibilities to convert a sentence are examined, circumstances that are not bound directly to the punished action are reviewed. An analysis gives the conclusion that a converted sentence of life imprisonment is given a penal value that isn’t exclusively based on the amount of blame in the action. To consider other aspects than the amount of blame in an action when meting out the punishment is a clear violation of the principle of proportionality. The described violation is an obvious impact of the bisectional structure of the sentences for the act of murder. The thesis therefore raises the question however a sentence of imprisonment for life is appropriate as a punishment in the Swedish penal system

    Vattenkvaliténs pÄverkan pÄ bladmögelsfungicider

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    The majority of pesticides used in agriculture is mixed with water prior to application and the rate of water widely exceeds the rate of pesticides. Water from different sources has different characters such as pH, water hardness (°dH) and iron content. That these different characters affect some sensitive pesticides is well known. Especially the glyphosate herbicide is known to have reduced performance when mixed with water containing high levels of positively charged cations such as CaÂČâș, MgÂČâș and FeÂČâș resulting in less effectiveness on weeds. Also the group of insecticides called pyrethroides are known to be sensitive to high pH-values causing rapid degradation and reduced effect on the target. Reduced pesticidal effect is negative for both farmers and environment since it may lead to higher pesticide rates to a higher cost. To find out if fungicides effect on Phytophthora infestans is affected by different water quality aspects this study was made. The three common fungicides Infinito, Ranman Top and Revus Top were tested with seven different water types, all based on distilled water, in laboratory conditions. The study showed that there is a difference in infection between the different water types. The biggest reduction of infections appeared when acidic distilled water or alkaline water with 2mg Fe/L was used. This reduction was probably not an effect of improved fungicide performance but rather an effect of the water being toxic to P. infestans. The other types of water showed some differences between the fungicides. It’s hard to tell how water quality affected fungicide performance in this study due to the strong effects that probably was caused by water toxicity to the pathogen. The results from this study may not easily be transferred to field conditions because of the way different methods used in laboratory conditions.Majoriteten av de vĂ€xtskyddsmedel som anvĂ€nds vid odling i fĂ€lt blandas med vatten före anvĂ€ndning och mĂ€ngden vatten Ă€r betydligt högre Ă€n mĂ€ngden vĂ€xt skyddsmedel. Vatten frĂ„n olika kĂ€llor har olika egenskaper som till exempel pH, hĂ„rdhet (°dH), jĂ€rnhalt med flera. Att vattenkvalitĂ©n pĂ„verkar vissa kĂ€nsliga prepa rat Ă€r vĂ€lkĂ€nt. Framförallt Ă€r herbiciden glyfosat kĂ€nt som en molekyl som pĂ„ver kas negativt av vatten med höga halter av positivt laddade joner som CaÂČâș, MgÂČâș och FeÂČâș med försĂ€mrad bekĂ€mpningseffekt som följd. Ett annat kĂ€nt problem Ă€r insekticidgruppen pyretroiders kĂ€nslighet för höga pH vilket orsakar en alltför snabb nedbrytning, ocksĂ„ det med försĂ€mrad bekĂ€mpningseffekt som följd. För sĂ€mrad bekĂ€mpningseffekt Ă€r negativt ur bĂ„de miljöhĂ€nseende och ur ekonomisk synvinkel. För att ta reda pĂ„ om Ă€ven fungiciders bekĂ€mpningseffekt pĂ„verkas av vatten kvalitet gjordes ett försök med de tre vĂ€lkĂ€nda bladmögelsfungiciderna Infinito, Ranman Top och Revus Top. Deras bekĂ€mpningseffekt pĂ„ Phytophthora infestans undersöktes pĂ„ potatisblad i laboratoriemiljö. Vattentyperna utgick frĂ„n destvatten och reddes till genom tillsats av olika salter. Försöket visar att vattenkvaliteten pĂ„verkar bekĂ€mpningseffekten, framförallt ger ett svagt surt destillerat vatten (pH5), och ett svagt basiskt vatten (pH8) med till sats av 2mg Fe/L betydligt mindre infektioner Ă€n övriga vattentyper. Antagligen beror en stor del av skillnaderna inte pĂ„ att preparaten skulle pĂ„verkas utan snarare pĂ„ att lĂ„gt pH och jĂ€rn utfĂ€llt som rost verkar ha en direkt toxisk effekt pĂ„ P. in festans. Inom övriga vattentyper fanns skillnader pĂ„ hur preparaten presterade dĂ€r Infinito och Ranman Top uppförde sig liknande medan Revus Top reagerade an norlunda. Sammantaget Ă€r det svĂ„rt att sĂ€ga hur vattenkvalitet pĂ„verkar bladmögelsfungi ciders bekĂ€mpningseffekt med tanke pĂ„ att det blev sĂ„ starka direkta effekter pĂ„ P. infestans av vissa vattentyper. Det Ă€r ocksĂ„ svĂ„rt att överföra dessa resultat till förhĂ„llanden i fĂ€lt dĂ„ metoderna som anvĂ€nts i försöket Ă€r markant skilda frĂ„n dem som anvĂ€nds vid fĂ€ltmĂ€ssig odling

    Sustainable Healthcare - A National Swedish Innovation Agenda

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    For the past year a constellation of different stakeholders have been working with a National Swedish Innovation Agenda on Sustainable Healthcare. Numerous meetings, workshops and interviews have been conducted to sort out what actions need to be implemented so that Sustainable Healthcare can grow and become a bigger part of the Swedish innovation, economy and export. This short English version of the Innovation Agenda summarizes the definition of sustainable healthcare, key stakeholders of sustainable healthcare, a SWOT-analysis of the field, principle conclusions resulting from the work with the Agenda, results of the work (the Nordic Center for Sustainable Healthcare), as well as the main contributors and methodology of the Agenda

    En studie med case series design av Unified Protocol, en transdiagnostisk och kÀnslofokuserad KBT- behandling i gruppformat

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    Föreliggande studie syftade till att undersöka det transdiagnostiska och kĂ€nslofokuserade KBT-behandlingsprogrammet Unified Protocol i gruppformat pĂ„ en allmĂ€npsykiatrisk öppenvĂ„rdsmottagning. Studien anvĂ€nde sig av case series design pĂ„ tre patienter med en Ă„ngestproblematik som primĂ€rdiagnos. Studien följde förĂ€ndringar i symtom av depression, Ă„ngest och upplevd livskvalitet samt kĂ€nsloregleringsfĂ€rdigheter under tolv veckors behandling. Författarna ville Ă€ven undersöka om stĂ€rkta kĂ€nsloregleringsfĂ€rdigheter och symtomlindring sammanföll samt huruvida de förstnĂ€mnda föregick symtomlindring. För datainsamlingen har anvĂ€nts sex subskalor som mĂ€ter kĂ€nsloregleringsfĂ€rdigheter i avsikt att matcha sex av behandlingsmodulerna i Unified Protocol. Dessa fĂ€rdigheter var ”Kognitiv omvĂ€rdering”, ”Icke-acceptans”, ”MĂ„l”, ”Medvetenhet”, ”Aversion mot obehag” och ”UthĂ€rda obehag”. SymtomförĂ€ndringar har kontinuerligt mĂ€tts med testerna OASIS och ODSIS. DĂ€rtill skedde mĂ€tningar av depressionssymtom och Ă„ngestsymtom samt upplevd livskvalitet med BAI, BDI-II och WHOQOL-BREF. Författarna har undersökt om förĂ€ndringar har skett i enlighet med Reliable Change index och klinisk signifikans. Resultaten visade pĂ„ symtomlindring och förhöjd livskvalitet hos en patient. I det andra fallet skedde ingen förĂ€ndring av symtom eller livskvalitet. I det tredje fallet skedde viss symtomlindring. Vissa kĂ€nsloregleringsfĂ€rdigheter stĂ€rktes hos patienterna. Delvis sammanföll kĂ€nsloregleringsfĂ€rdigheter och symtomlindring, men de förstnĂ€mnda föregick inte symtomlindring nĂ€ra i tid. Studien visar att Unified Protocol Ă€r ett intressant behandlingsprogram för en allmĂ€npsykiatrisk mottagning, men ytterligare forskning behövs för att faststĂ€lla om behandlingen i gruppformat Ă€r lika effektiv som en individualiserad behandling.The present study aimed to investigate the transdiagnostic and emotion-focused CBT treatment program Unified Protocol in a group format in a general psychiatric outpatient clinic. The study used case series design on three patients with anxiety problems as primary diagnosis. The study followed changes in symptoms of depression, anxiety and perceived quality of life and emotion regulation skills during the twelve weeks of treatment. The authors also wanted to examine the covariance between strengthed emotion regulation skills and symptom relief and whether the former preceded the symptoms. For data collection was used six subscales that measure emotion regulation skills in order to match six of the processing modules of the Unified Protocol. These skills were "Cognitive reappraisal", "Nonacceptance", "Goal", "Awareness", "Distress aversion" and "Aversion endurance". Symptom changes are continuously measured by tests OASIS and ODSIS. In addition, measurements were made of the symptoms of depression and anxiety symptoms, and perceived quality of life with BAI, BDI-II and WHOQOL-BREF. The authors have investigated whether changes have been made in accordance with the Reliable Change Index and clinical significance. The results showed symptom relief and increased quality of life of one patient. In the second case, there was no change of symptoms or quality of life. In the third case occurred some symptom relief. Some emotion regulation skills strengthened for the patients. Partly, there was a covariance between emotion regulation skills and symptom relief, but the former preceded not symptom close in time. The study shows that the Unified Protocol is an interesting treatment of a general psychiatric clinic, but further research is needed to determine if the treatment in a group format is as effective as an individualized therapy

    Ammoniakförluster vid flytgödselhantering

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    The ammonia emissions are an environmental issue since they contribute to eutrophication. By far the largest source of ammonia emissions is manure from agriculture and should therefore be reduced. Loss of ammonia is not only negative for the environment but also to the farmer who loses nitrogen that could have been used by the crop. The focus of this study has been emissions from spreading slurry where the loss can vary widely depending on slurry-, soil-, and weather conditions. There are mainly two different ways to reduce the emissions. One is to inject or mix the slurry into the ground to avoid air contact. The other way is to use acid to reduce the pH in the slurry to a level between 5 and 6 where the equilibrium is so strongly pushed to NH4+ that hardly any NH3 can be lost. Injecting slurry can effectively reduce the emissions under proper ground conditions but can also cause reduced yields because the roots are being damaged by the injection tines or discs. Another problem with this technique is the higher demand of draught force required and the lower capacity compared to band spreading. To reduce the pH of the slurry has been shown to be at least as effective as injecting slurry but without the troubles with root damages and low capacity since band spreading technique can be used. The negative side with acidification is the risk of handling strong acids, the cost of the acid and the fact that the technique is not established in Sweden and not proven during Swedish conditions. Low ammonia emissions can be achieved even without acidification or injection if the spreading is done under perfect weather conditions. If there isn’t perfect weather conditions during and after spreading slurry may acidification and injection be good ways to effectively reduce ammonia emissions.Ammoniakförluster frĂ„n stallgödsel stĂ„r för huvuddelen av Sveriges totala ammoniakutslĂ€pp. Dessa ammoniakutslĂ€pp Ă€r ett miljöproblem dĂ„ de bidrar till övergödning och försurning av bĂ„de land och hav. För lantbrukets del innebĂ€r ammoniakförlusterna en ekonomisk förlust nĂ€r kvĂ€vet i stallgödseln försvinner och man tvingas acceptera en lĂ€gre kvĂ€vegiva till grödan eller att komplettera med inköpt mineralgödsel. Förlusterna kommer i huvudsak frĂ„n stall, lagring och spridning. Fokus i denna litteratursammastĂ€llning har lagts pĂ„ förluster vid spridning av flytgödsel. Ammoniakförlusternas storlek vid spridning beror av gödselns sammansĂ€ttning, spridningsteknik, mark-­ och vĂ€derförhĂ„llanden. Det finns i huvudsak tvĂ„ sĂ€tt att tekniskt minska ammoniakförlusterna. Det första av dessa Ă€r att minska gödselns kontakt med luften genom att mylla gödseln i jorden. Det kan ske antingen med myllningsaggregat vid spridning i vĂ€xande gröda som till exempel vallstubb eller genom att harva ner gödseln efter spridning pĂ„ bar jord. Vid myllning i vĂ€xande gröda finns risk för skördeförluster trots en bĂ€ttre kvĂ€vetillgĂ„ng nĂ€r ammoniakförlusterna reduceras. Skördeförlusten Ă€r en följd av rotskador som uppstĂ„r nĂ€r gödseln skĂ€rs ner i jorden. Dessutom Ă€r spridningskapaciteten reducerad jĂ€mfört med bandspridning pĂ„ grund av en mindre arbetsbredd och ett större dragkraftsbehov. Det andra sĂ€ttet att minska ammoniakförlusterna Ă€r att sĂ€nka gödselns pH genom att tillsĂ€tta syra. NĂ€r pH sjunker till mellan 5 och 6 Ă€r jĂ€mvikten mellan ammonium och ammoniak sĂ„ starkt förskjuten mot ammonium att förlusterna av ammoniak minskar till liknande nivĂ„er som vid myllning vid bra förhĂ„llanden trots att gödseln bandsprids pĂ„ markytan. DĂ€rmed kan man uppnĂ„ lĂ„ga ammoniakförluster utan att göra avkall pĂ„ spridningskapacitet. Nackdelar med surgörningstekniken Ă€r sĂ€kerhetsriskerna med hantering av starka syror, kostnad för syraförbrukning och att tekniken Ă€r oprövad i Sverige. LĂ„ga ammoniakförluster kan Ă€ven uppnĂ„s med andra spridningstekniker Ă€n myllning och utan surgörning av gödseln om spridning sker vid gynnsamma vĂ€derförhĂ„llanden. Om vĂ€dret inte Ă€r optimalt för lĂ„ga ammoniakförluster vid spridning kan myllning och surgörning ses som en försĂ€kran om lĂ„ga förluster Ă€ven dĂ„ vĂ€dret blir ogynnsamt
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